Rituals of Later Times

All Saints Day on November 1, 2018 on the "Eaglets Cemetery". Image courtesy: Konstanty Czawaga / Kurjer Galicyjski

Annually during the interwar period, Ukrainians celebrated memorials services for the fallen in the St. George Cathedral on November 1, as well as at the Sich Riflemen graves at the Yanivskyi Cemetery on the Trinity ("Green") Sunday. Often these celebrations were accompanied by spontaneous demonstrations opposed by the police and Polish youth nationalist organizations. The Polish annual celebration of November 1 began with a liturgy for the fallen heroes, the "defenders of Lviv", and ended with solemn manifestations and laying flowers on the graves of the "Lviv eaglets."

As for the Soviet period, according to rumours, bunches of guelder berries were secretly laid on the abandoned graves of the UGA soldiers on the night of November 1.

The documented reinstatement of rituals began in the late 1980s, on the eve of the collapse of the USSR, which was associated with the spread of the cult of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and, subsequently, the UGA and the ZUNR. After the proclamation of Ukraine's independence, the Ukrainians seemed to have changed places with the Poles. Now, the Ukrainian manifestations on November 1 use military symbolism, demonstrations, and laying flowers. Ukrainian scouts, plastuny, conduct a "terrain game" — a simulation of the events of November 1918. The historical reconstruction of the UGA battles with "general Haller's Polish legions" is carried out, accompanied by the participants' mass changing in uniforms of that time.

Traditionally, the Poles conduct the "Light of Memory" action, when, on the Day of All Saints (the memorial day in the Latin tradition), candles are lit on the graves of Polish soldiers in Lviv. Attention is paid mostly to the graves of the soldiers who died in the Ukrainian-Polish war, although, in recent years, the participants of other Polish uprisings have also been commemorated.

Rituals of Later Times

All Saints Day on November 1, 2018 on the "Eaglets Cemetery". Image courtesy: Konstanty Czawaga / Kurjer Galicyjski
Yanivskyi cemetery, a restored field where Ukrainian Galician Army soldiers had been buried.
Memorial to the Ukrainians who died in the November 1918 fights, on the former Zboishcha village cemetery, now Lviv, vulytsia Midna
Ukrainian Galician Army grave at Znesinnia cemetery
Performance about the November fights. Photo credits: Istorychna Pravda